What is Periodontal Disease?

Periodontal disease, commonly known as gum disease, is a serious bacterial infection that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone that supports your teeth. It begins with plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on your teeth. If not removed through daily brushing and flossing, plaque hardens into tartar, which can only be removed by a dental professional. Over time, the bacteria in plaque and tartar cause inflammation of the gums, known as gingivitis, which is the earliest stage of gum disease.

If left untreated, gingivitis can advance to periodontitis. In this more severe stage, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets. These small spaces between teeth and gums collect debris and can become infected. The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line. Bacterial toxins and the body's natural response to infection start to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place.

Common Signs and Symptoms

Gum disease can progress painlessly, producing few obvious signs, even in the late stages of the disease. However, there are several warning signs that may indicate the presence of periodontal disease:

• Gums that bleed easily during brushing or flossing
• Red, swollen, or tender gums
• Gums that have pulled away from the teeth (receding gums)
• Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth
• Pus between your teeth and gums
• Loose or separating teeth
• A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite

The Systemic Connection

Research has shown that periodontal disease is associated with several other diseases. For a long time, it was thought that bacteria was the factor that linked periodontal disease to other diseases in the body; however, more recent research demonstrates that inflammation may be responsible for the association. Treating inflammation may not only help manage periodontal diseases but may also help with the management of other chronic inflammatory conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory disease.

Prevention and Treatment

The best way to prevent periodontal disease is a program of good oral hygiene, one that you begin early and practice consistently throughout life. This means brushing your teeth at least twice a day, flossing daily, and scheduling regular dental checkups and professional cleanings. If you are diagnosed with periodontal disease, treatment options vary depending on the severity of the disease. Non-surgical treatments include scaling and root planing (a deep cleaning), while more advanced cases may require surgical interventions to restore supportive tissues.